By melting the parts together at a high temperature and then allowing them to cool and fuse, welding is a fabrication or artistic procedure used to unite materials (often metals or thermoplastics). Welding melts the base metal, while brazing and soldering simply combine metals without actually doing so.
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Welding is the process of joining two or more parts together using heat, pressure, or both. Wood, in addition to metals and thermoplastics, can be strengthened by this method.
Different processes and techniques may be required for various materials. The word “unweldable” isn’t one you’ll find in the dictionary, but it has a useful and descriptive meaning in the field of engineering.
The whole is the connected parts of its parts. The material used to complete the joint is called filler, and is also known as a consumable. Parent plate or pipe, filler wire, consumable electrode (for arc welding), etc. are all examples of such materials.
In order to achieve a seamless join, it is standard practise to choose consumables that are chemically and physically similar to the parent material. When welding brittle cast irons, for example, a filler with very different composition and, thus, qualities is required. This type of joint is known as a heterogeneous weld.
How Does Welding Work?
Joining Metals
Unlike brazing and soldering, which use low heat to join metals, welding uses high heat to melt the base metal. Usually by incorporating a filler material.
When a pool of molten material is formed by high heat and allowed to cool, a join is formed that is sometimes stronger than the parent metal. Pressure or heat is required to create a weld.
A gas can be used to prevent the molten metal and filler metal from being contaminated or oxidised.
Joining Plastics
Plastics welding, like solvent welding, uses heat to permanently bond the parts together.
A material can be fused by subjecting it to high temperatures and high pressures, then allowing it to cool to room temperature. Plastic joining can be categorised as external or internal heating depending on the method used.
Joining Wood
It is possible to join two pieces of wood together using only the heat generated by friction. Materials are subjected to intense pressure before being fused together via heat generated by linear friction.
In a matter of seconds, the wood can be joined together with this fast technique, and no glue or nails are required.
What Is a Weld Joint?
A weld must be designed to take into account the forces it will be subjected to in operation. Therefore, the joint’s design must take into account the type and magnitude of the force applied to the weld. Shear- and twist-resistant welding joints exist. Butt, lap, corner, T, and edge joints are all viable options for welding.
What Are the Different Types of Welding, and What Are They Used for in the Industry?
MIG Welding
Welding with a metal inert gas (TIG) is one of the easier welding methods to learn. The MIG welding process consists of two separate methods, despite popular belief to the contrary. In the first, a flux core is used, while in the second, bare wire is employed. Bare wire MIG welding is a good option for joining thin metal pieces. At its present core When MIG welding outside, you won’t need a flow metre or gas canisters. MIG welding is popular among do-it-yourselfers and hobby welders on a budget because of the lower cost of consumables and tools.
Stick Welding
Stick welding, also known as arc welding, is an archaic technique. Learning how to stick weld is more difficult than learning how to MIG weld, but the equipment to give it a try at home is inexpensive. In stick welding, an electrode welding rod is used.
TIG Welding
Because of the versatility and complexity of TIG welding, Lincoln Electric only employs highly trained professionals as TIG welders. TIG welding requires the use of both hands. Typically, a TIG torch is held in one hand while the rod is fed into it with the other. Torch’s heat and arc can be used to weld most common metals, including aluminium, steel, nickel alloys, copper alloys, cobalt, and titanium.
Plasma Arc Welding
For metals with a thickness of 0.015 inches or less, plasma arc welding is a common high-precision process in the aerospace industry. This technology could be used in a number of places, including the blade of an engine or an air seal. Plasma arc welding is very similar to tungsten inert gas welding (TIG), with the exception that the electrode is submerged and ionising gases within the arc are used to generate heat.
Electron Beam and Laser Welding
Using a laser or an electron beam to weld requires a lot of energy but produces precise results.
To perform electron beam welding, a focused beam of high-velocity electrons is directed at the workpiece. The collisions between these electrons release their kinetic energy in the form of heat. To concentrate the electron beam on the workpiece, the area must be vacuumed off. The beam’s high temperature causes the joint to melt almost instantly.
Narrow, deep-penetration welds are possible thanks to the use of high voltages (up to 150 kilovolts). Welds in material 13 mm (0.5 inches) thick would be just 1 mm (0.04 inches) wide, thanks to an automatic traverse mechanism that ensures precise placement of the workpieces. Between fifty and one hundred inches per minute is the typical welding speed (125 to 250 cm).
Gas Welding
In recent years, TIG welding has surpassed gas welding as the standard technique. Welding equipment for the field typically includes oxygen and acetylene gas cylinders. In some cases, they are still used to fix damaged sections of an automobile’s exhaust system.
Jobs for young people interested in welding are plentiful because of the widespread skill gap in the welding industry.
What Are the Common Joint Configurations?
Butt Joint
An end-to-end or edge-to-end joint between 135 and 180 degrees.
T Joint
Fusion of two parts at a joint angle of more than five degrees and less than ninety degrees.
Corner Joint
a connection between two parts whose ends or edges make an angle greater than 30 degrees but less than 135 degrees to one another.
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Edge Joint
Edges of two parts are joined to form a joint with an angle between 0 and 30 degrees.
Cruciform Joint
A connection made by welding three flat plates or bars together at right angles along the same axis.
Lap Joint
A weld created when two pieces overlap each other by 0 to 5 degrees.
What Are the Types of Welding Joints?
Slot weld
To join the two overlapping parts, a fillet weld is deposited around the hole’s perimeter to join the exposed surface of one to the other.
Plug weld
To weld two pieces of metal together, filler metal is used to cover a gap in one piece and bring the underside of an overlapping piece to the surface (the hole can be circular or oval).
Based on Penetration
Full penetration weld
Fusion at the joint’s root caused by full penetration of the weld metal. In the United States, the prefered term is “complete joint penetration weld” (CJP, see AWS D1.1).
Partial penetration weld
definition: a weld in which the fusion penetration is intentionally shallow. In American English, we usually say “partial joint penetration weld” (PJP).
Welds Based on Accessibility
Parent Metal
The metal used to weld, braze, or braze onto a different surface.
Filler Metal
Welding, brazing, and surfacing are all subtractive metalworking processes, meaning they add metal to the joint.
Weld Metal
All of the metal that was melted into the weld must be present for it to be considered complete.
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
a section of the parent metal that was not melted during welding or thermal cutting but was altered in composition.
Fusion Line
Limit between weld metal and heat affected zone in a fusion weld. The phrase “weld junction” does not come up very often.
Weld Zone
A zone that consists of the weld metal and the HAZ.
Weld Face
This is the face of a fusion weld that is visible during the production process.
Weld Root
location on the side of the first run that is opposite the welder.
Weld Toe
The junction of two runs or the point where a welded surface meets the base metal. Multiple types of cracks can initiate at the weld’s toe, where stresses are highest (e.g. fatigue cracks, cold cracks).
In order to prevent unnecessary wear and tear, you should avoid using toes that aren’t flush with the parent metal surface.
What Is Excess Weld Metal?
The metal toes should be welded together using metal that extends beyond the joint’s flat surface. Overfill and reinforcement are two other, less common, terms for this quality.
The term “reinforcement” is deceptive, as any weld metal that protrudes past the surface of the parent metal does not contribute to the joint’s strength.
To be precise, when making a welded part, one must account for the design throat thickness (without the surplus weld metal).
What Are the Welding Processes?
The welding method employed to complete a project is subject to a wide range of variables, such as the type of joint being made and the materials used. The welding process can be broken down into two distinct categories.
Pressure Welding
Pressure welding utilises an external force to create welded junctions at temperatures below the melting point (solid-state welding) or above the melting point (fusion-state welding). The atoms are squeezed until their distance from one another is the same as, or less than, the distance required to achieve interatomic equilibrium. To get a good weld with this technique, you need to use a wire brush to scrub the metal surfaces of both pieces clean of any oxides or non-metallic coatings. Pressure welding techniques work best on metals that are highly ductile or whose elasticity increases with heating. The following are some of the most common pressure welding applications in industry:
- Cold pressure welding is an effective method for joining metal sheets, electrical wires, and other components.
- Explosive welding is utilised to join dissimilar metals together.
- Join thin sheets using ultrasonic welding.
- Metals that normally wouldn’t work together can be welded using a percussion technique.
- Metals of the same or different types can be joined using the friction welding technique.
- Induction welding is used to join pipes together.
- Inertial welding is the method of choice when working with ultra-strong alloys.
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Fusion Welding
Fusion welding is used to join two pieces of metal by heating the edges of the base metals until they melt. There is no need for applying any external pressure or using any filler metal. It is up to the welder to decide whether or not inert gases will be used to enhance the weld. The welding process is finished when the molten weld pool has solidified. The joining metals must be soluble to some extent in each other while in solid state. Weldability increases from low to high for metals with increasing solubility in the solid state; metals with no solubility in the solid state are not weldable, so an intermediate-solubility metal must be used.
What Are the Different Types of Welding Methods, and What Are They Used For?
There are numerous procedures in the business world, each with its own set of goals and methods.
Arc
This category contains a large number of commonly used methods, both manual and automated. Metal inert gas (MIG), gas welding, active metal gas (MAG), flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), and plasma arc welding are all examples of this type of welding.
Metals such as stainless steel, aluminium, nickel and copper alloys, cobalt, and titanium are just some of the many that can be joined with the help of filler material using these techniques. Many different sectors rely heavily on arc welding techniques, including oil and gas, power, aerospace, automotive, and more.
These days, shielded metal arc welding accounts for the lion’s share of all welding jobs. The metal electrode and the workpiece are brought into electrical contact, producing an arc. Miniature droplets of molten metal are transferred from the metal electrode to the weld site. It is possible to use either AC or DC arc welding with some tools because they are dual-voltage. To safely transfer the welding current to the electrode, an insulated handle holder or clamp can be used. To finish the circuit back to the power source, a clamp is placed on the workpiece.
Gas-insulated arc welding, in which the arc is shielded from the air by an inert gas like argon or helium, is becoming more and more important due to its ability to deposit more material at a higher efficiency and its amenability to automation. You’ll typically find the tungsten electrode variety used on highly alloyed sheets. Direct current or alternating current can be used, and either hot or cold filler metal can be fed to the arc. Consumable electrode gas-metal arc welding with carbon dioxide shielding gas is commonly used for welding steel. There are actually two distinct techniques that both go by the name “spray arc,” but only one of them uses an arc to create a short circuit. A strong weld deposit is achieved through rapid metal transfer and protection from the ambient atmosphere.
Submerged arc welding is very similar to the aforementioned processes; however, instead of using a gas shield, a mound of granulated mineral material (the flux) is placed over the electrode to obscure the arc.
Unlike traditional welding, in which a torch is used to generate heat, plasma welding employs a hot plasma instead. This welding technique is similar to gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding, but it has the advantages of greater energy concentration, greater arc stability, and easier operator control. An improved arc’s stability mitigates the effect of slight variations in joint alignment and arc length. In order to ionise the gas stream before striking the main arc, most plasma welding machines require striking a secondary arc first. This secondary arc can be started with either a high-frequency start or a direct contact start. Water cooling is needed because of the high temperature of the energy being channelled through such a small hole. The process is amenable to mechanisation, making mass production a realistic goal.
Forge Welding
The history of ironwork is intertwined with this one-of-a-kind fusing technique. Its original purpose was to join smaller iron pieces into larger ones with greater utility. The forge was used to bring the metal to welding temperature, and then the parts were hammered or otherwise forced together. Forged welds, such as those found on Damascus swords, are the result of hammering thin bars of wrought iron until they curve back on themselves.
The process was repeated until the desired strength was achieved, at which point the sword could be used. Throughout the Middle Ages, cannons were made by forge welding together multiple iron bands and steel-tipped bolts from crossbows. Forge welding is still used to a certain extent in modern times, especially as a blacksmithing speciality and in the manufacturing of chains.
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Friction
Friction welding is a technique for joining metals that relies on mechanical friction to fuse them together. This can be done in a number of ways on a wide variety of welding materials, from steel and aluminium to wood.
Mechanical friction creates heat, which bonds the materials as they cool. Different types of friction welding use different joining processes, such as friction stir welding (FSW), friction stir spot welding (FSSW), linear friction welding (LFW), and rotary friction welding (RFW) (RFW).
The process of friction welding does not necessitate the use of any filler metals, fluxes, or shielding gases.
For joining lightweight aluminium alloys that aren’t “weldable,” friction is widely used in the aerospace industry.
Alternatives to glues and nails are being researched for use in wood bonding, and friction techniques are one such possibility.
Electron Beam
In this process, two pieces of material are fused together using a beam of extremely fast electrons. When the electrons collide with the parts, their kinetic energy is converted into heat, which causes the materials to melt and fuse.
It is common practise to perform electron beam welding (EBW) in a vacuum chamber in order to maintain beam focus.
Regular applications of EBW include the joining of thick sections. Because of this, it can be applied to a wide variety of industries, including aerospace, nuclear power, the auto industry, and the railways.
Laser
Whether you’re joining thermoplastics or metals, this technique takes advantage of the laser’s concentrated heat to produce strong, wide welds at high speeds. Because of its fast welding speed and ease of automation, this welding method is well suited for high-volume applications like those used in the automotive industry.
Laser beam welding doesn’t need a vacuum, unlike electron beam welding, so it can be done just about anywhere.
When a laser beam is concentrated on a workpiece, the heat from the light causes the materials to fuse. However, there is currently a lack of high-powered lasers on the market, which has limited its application in welding. Another difficulty is that the welding speed and thickness are determined less by the available power than by the thermal conductivity of the metals and the prevention of metal vaporisation at the surface. In particular situations, however, and with materials as thin as 0.5 mm, the method has proven to be quite effective (0.02 inch). This technique is fantastic for combining extremely small electrical circuits.
Resistance
Due to its efficiency, this method sees widespread use in the automotive industry. Resistance spot welding and resistance seam welding are two specific applications of this technique. Spot welding is a type of welding in which two electrodes are used to focus heat on a small area while the work pieces are clamped together. Seam welding is a method that uses rotating wheels in place of electrodes to create a continuous, leak-free weld, similar to spot welding.
Resistance welding methods, such as spot welding, seam welding, and projection welding, use the electrical resistance of the joint to generate the necessary heat for joining at the interface. Two electrodes, one on each side of the junction, are used in conjunction with a low-voltage, high-current power source to apply stress to the junction, resulting in a weld in a very brief amount of time (usually 0.2 seconds). Spot welds are placed at regular intervals on metal sheets that overlap. How well and how many welds there are in a joint is a good indicator of its overall strength. Seam welding involves continuously pulsing an electric current into the junction to create a series of overlapping regions, or a seamless seam.
Used to join containers or other structures when spot welding isn’t enough. An example of a projection weld is one that is made by dimple-pressing or pressing one of the weldable components to make a bump during the weld cycle. Using this technique, welding can take place at multiple, predetermined points in time. All of these techniques are capable of producing consistently high-quality results, even at rapid speeds. Advanced feedback control systems are used in most modern resistance welding equipment to automatically correct any subpar welds.
Resistance welding, or flash welding, involves clamping the work pieces together, bringing the ends together slowly, and then driving them apart, creating an arc or flash. Joints are formed by flashing or arcing the entire area to be joined, then pressing the pieces together and holding them there until the joint has formed and cooled.
Both low and high frequency resistance welding are used in the production of tubes. The longitudinal joint in a tube is made of two pieces of metal that are squeezed together and whose edges are butted. Current flow regulates both the speed at which the tube is pushed between the rolls and the intensity of the welding heat used on a given job. Welding speeds of up to 60 metres per minute (about 200 feet per minute) are possible using this technique.
Welding essentially unifies two pieces of metal into a single, stronger one. Welding is a metalworking process that, in contrast to brazing and soldering, permanently bonds the metals being joined by fusing their molecular structures together at very high temperatures, sometimes with the assistance of other metals or gases. In addition to gas metal arc welding, arc welding, and gas welding, there are many other types of welding that can be done, such as spot welding, inert metal gas (MIG), and inert tungsten gas (TIG).
Conclusion
When two or more pieces are welded together, they are joined by either heat or pressure. Fabrication or artistic process used to join materials (often metals or thermoplastics). Brazing and soldering do not actually melt the base metal, while welding does. It is common practise to select consumables that are chemically and physically similar to the parent material when applying a process or technique that requires them to be used. Two pieces of wood can be joined together without the use of glue or nails by relying instead on the heat created by friction.
When designing welding joints, it is important to consider the loads they will sustain during use. Welding processes such as metal inert gas welding, tungsten inert gas welding, stick welding, plasma arc welding, electron beam welding, and laser welding are all used in various industries. DIYers and hobbyist welders on a tighter budget will find MIG welding to their liking because of the lower cost of consumables and tools. You’ll need both hands for TIG welding, as you’ll need to hold the TIG torch in one while feeding the rod into it with the other. The electrode in plasma arc welding is immersed in an ionising gas pool, but otherwise the process is very similar to that of tungsten inert gas welding.
The high-velocity electrons used in electron beam welding radiate their kinetic energy as heat. High voltages enable TIG welding, which has largely replaced gas welding as the industry standard, to create narrow, deep-penetration welds. Jobs for young people interested in welding are plentiful due to a lack of qualified workers, and common welding equipment for the field includes oxygen and acetylene gas cylinders. Butt Joints, Corner Joints, Cruciform Joints, Lap Joints, Slot Welds, Plug Welds, and Full Penetration Welds are all common types of joints. Subtractive metalworking techniques, such as welding, brazing, and surfacing, remove material from the joint rather than adding to it.
The intersection of two runs, or the place where welded metal touches unwelded metal. Overabundance of Metal Used to Weld You should use metal that goes beyond the joint’s flat surface when welding the metal toes together. One must take into consideration the design throat thickness when creating a welded component (without the surplus weld metal). Welding junctions below or above the melting point is possible with the pressure welding technique. This technique is most effective with ductile metals or those whose elasticity improves with heating.
There are many different types of pressure welding, but the most common ones are cold pressure welding, explosive welding, ultrasonic welding, friction welding, induction welding, inertial welding, fusion welding, metal inert gas (MIG), gas welding, active metal gas (MAG), flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), gas metal arc welding, submerged arc welding (SAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), and plasma arc welding. Welding is complete when the molten weld pool solidifies, and the joining metals must be soluble in each other in some way while in solid state. The oil and gas industry, the power industry, the aerospace and automotive industries, and many others all make use of arc welding. During this process, an arc is created by bringing a metal electrode into contact with the workpiece. Gas-insulated arc welding, in which the arc is protected from the air by an inert gas, is gaining popularity because of its high deposition rates and ease of mechanisation.
Submerged arc welding employs a mound of granulated mineral material to obscure the arc, while spray arc welding uses an arc to create a short circuit. Plasma welding, in which a plasma torch is used to create heat, is one such method. It’s easier for the operator to maintain control, the arc is more stable, and there’s less energy loss. Because it can be easily automated, mass production is a realistic possibility. Friction welding is a method of joining metals that uses mechanical friction to fuse them together, and forge welding is still used to join smaller iron pieces into larger ones. Lightweight aluminium alloys that aren’t “weldable” are frequently used in the aerospace industry, and friction welding is a common method for joining them.
In electron beam welding (EBW), a beam of extremely fast electrons is used to fuse together two pieces of material. While most EBW is done in a vacuum chamber, this technique has many potential uses in other fields as well, such as aerospace, nuclear power, the automotive industry, and the railways. Specific applications of EBW include resistance spot welding and resistance seam welding, in which two electrodes are used to concentrate heat on a small area while the work pieces are clamped together. Spot welding, seam welding, and projection welding are all examples of resistance welding techniques, which rely on the electrical resistance of the joint to generate the heat required for joining at the interface. Spot welds are used to join two adjacent pieces of metal together at regular intervals, while seam welds are created by continuously pulsing an electric current into the junction.
One of the weldable components is dimple-pressed or pressed to create a bump during the weld cycle to create projection welding. Clamping the work pieces together, bringing the ends together slowly, and then driving them apart to create an arc or flash, is the process of flash welding. In spite of their speed, all of these methods are still able to reliably deliver high-quality output. When making a joint, the area to be joined is first flashed or arced, and then the two pieces are pressed together and held until the joint has formed and cooled. When two metals are welded together, their molecular structures fuse together at extremely high temperatures, creating a bond that will last forever.
Content Summary
- Welding is the process of joining two or more parts together using heat, pressure, or both.
- Unlike brazing and soldering, which use low heat to join metals, welding uses high heat to melt the base metal.
- Usually by incorporating a filler material.
- Therefore, the joint’s design must take into account the type and magnitude of the force applied to the weld.
- Welding with a metal inert gas (TIG) is one of the easier welding methods to learn.
- Learning how to stick weld is more difficult than learning how to MIG weld, but the equipment to give it a try at home is inexpensive.
- For metals with a thickness of 0.015 inches or less, plasma arc welding is a common high-precision process in the aerospace industry.
- To perform electron beam welding, a focused beam of high-velocity electrons is directed at the workpiece.
- To concentrate the electron beam on the workpiece, the area must be vacuumed off.
- Welding equipment for the field typically includes oxygen and acetylene gas cylinders.
- Jobs for young people interested in welding are plentiful because of the widespread skill gap in the welding industry.
- definition: a weld in which the fusion penetration is intentionally shallow.
- Limit between weld metal and heat affected zone in a fusion weld.
- Cold pressure welding is an effective method for joining metal sheets, electrical wires, and other components.
- Join thin sheets using ultrasonic welding.
- There are numerous procedures in the business world, each with its own set of goals and methods.
- Many different sectors rely heavily on arc welding techniques, including oil and gas, power, aerospace, automotive, and more.
- These days, shielded metal arc welding accounts for the lion’s share of all welding jobs.
- Gas-insulated arc welding, in which the arc is shielded from the air by an inert gas like argon or helium, is becoming more and more important due to its ability to deposit more material at a higher efficiency and its amenability to automation.
- Direct current or alternating current can be used, and either hot or cold filler metal can be fed to the arc.
- Unlike traditional welding, in which a torch is used to generate heat, plasma welding employs a hot plasma instead.
- In order to ionise the gas stream before striking the main arc, most plasma welding machines require striking a secondary arc first.
- Friction welding is a technique for joining metals that relies on mechanical friction to fuse them together.
- It is common practise to perform electron beam welding (EBW) in a vacuum chamber in order to maintain beam focus.
- Because of its fast welding speed and ease of automation, this welding method is well suited for high-volume applications like those used in the automotive industry.
- Laser beam welding doesn’t need a vacuum, unlike electron beam welding, so it can be done just about anywhere.
- When a laser beam is concentrated on a workpiece, the heat from the light causes the materials to fuse.
- However, there is currently a lack of high-powered lasers on the market, which has limited its application in welding.
- Resistance spot welding and resistance seam welding are two specific applications of this technique.
- Resistance welding methods, such as spot welding, seam welding, and projection welding, use the electrical resistance of the joint to generate the necessary heat for joining at the interface.
- How well and how many welds there are in a joint is a good indicator of its overall strength.
- Used to join containers or other structures when spot welding isn’t enough.
- All of these techniques are capable of producing consistently high-quality results, even at rapid speeds.
- Advanced feedback control systems are used in most modern resistance welding equipment to automatically correct any subpar welds.
- Both low and high frequency resistance welding are used in the production of tubes.
- The longitudinal joint in a tube is made of two pieces of metal that are squeezed together and whose edges are butted.
- Current flow regulates both the speed at which the tube is pushed between the rolls and the intensity of the welding heat used on a given job.
- Welding essentially unifies two pieces of metal into a single, stronger one.
FAQs About Metal
Where Is Welding Used in Daily Life?
Welding is a part of our everyday lives. From the kitchen appliances we use each day, the buildings we live in, to the cars we drive. Most of what we use is welded or made with equipment that has been welded (welding information center). Without welding, our lives would be completely different and frankly, quit boring.
Who Uses Welding?
There are many types of manufacturing plants that hire welders; however, the most common employers are architectural and structural metals manufacturing, mining and agricultural manufacturing as well as motor vehicle manufacturing. Aerospace industries and shipbuilding companies are also major welding employers.
Is Welding a Good Career?
any businesses are looking for skilled welders and you can consider it one of the more secure jobs available. Striving towards safety awards and bettering your skills can also be high on your list. Welding may not be the choice for everyone, but for those interested, it can be a lucrative, rewarding career to have.
Is Welding Easy?
For most people, welding is moderately to very difficult to learn how to do, as it’s a hands-on skill that requires more than just reading. Furthermore, welding is very difficult to actually do for most people, because it takes years and years of practice, on top of learning how to do it.
Is Welding a Hard Job?
Welding is physically demanding and takes some practical coordination to master. It’s not as physical as a builder’s job, but there’s usually a fair amount of lifting and climbing over things, which some people don’t like.
